This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between the double taxes, “gender tax” and “motherhood tax”, and female labor force participation among the population aged 18-39 in the Chinese context. Analytical results indicate that the interplay of gender, marriage and childbearing bears significant impacts on these measures of work. Controlling for multiple measures of human capital and devotion to work, male and female, unmarried and married, and father and mother all differ in these regards such that females are more disadvantaged than males, and mothers are more vulnerable than women without children and all males. But the mechanisms of gender effect vary by measurements of labor market participation, and by womens life course. Whether or not in the labor market is largely affected by gender per se and marital status, while work stability by marriage and childbirth, and wage by gender and childbirth. Such findings support the “doubletaxes” conceptual framework. With the relaxation of fertility policy, more women will have more than one child, which will render them to be in further disadvantaged positions in the labor market, which presents greater challenges for the government in reducing the negative effect of “double taxes” on female labor force participation.

The Chinese government, central and local alike,has issued a number of documents,aiming to include migrants in the housing security system at the place of destination since 2010. Have these policies improved migrants?? living condition? Focusing on housing source,this paper describes its changing trend in the past 10 years,and explores its associates in 2014. Analytic results show that over 70% of migrants stay in rented house; the proportion of migrants who own house / apartment is very low and those who have access to public housing is extremely low. While urban and rural hukou (household registration) type makes a difference in owning / access to public housing and renting housing,both rural-urban migrants and urban-urban migrants share more similarities than difference in housing source,especially when they are compared to local residents. Such findings suggest that it still has a long way to go to include migrants in the local housing security framework. In the context of “Shared Development” norms,more efforts should be devoted to alleviate barriers migrants encounter in access to public housing and improve the ability of migrants to own their own houses / apartments.

Migrants’assimilation has been one of the most important and longstanding sociological research topics，and human capital accumulation has been found to exert decisive effects on assimilation．This paper examines the relationship between multiple indicators of human capital and multiple indicators of assimilation among migrants in 2010．We found that generally,education，job training，occupational skill，and work experience are positively correlated with assimilation， i.e．，income，community participation，cultural assimilation，and desire of long-term residence at the place of destination． However，the relationship between human capital and assimilation is not uniform，but varies with different measures of assimilation．Education does not bear a significant linkage to cultural assimilation; also surprisingly，job training is related to income，but yields strong impact on other dimensions of assimilation．Among all indicators of human capital，work experience，gauged by work years in current position，has the most consistant association with the four aspects of assimilation．Such findings suggest that human capital affect different aspects of assimilation differently，depending on measure of assimilation and human capital perse．

It has been widely hold that China has encountered demographic crises，and abolishing fertility policy or a policy encouraging childbearing should be adopted． However，has China really fallen into fertility crisis? This paper attempts to provide preliminary thoughts on this issue by situating China in longer temporal and broader spatial contexts． Drawing on the conceptual framework of proximate and distal determinants of fertility，it compares marriage and fertility patterns among the Chinese，Korean，Japanese and American，and assesses the intertwined relationship between marriage and fertility，as well as economic structure，social environment and cultural regulations． Results indicate that China is still characterized by universal and early marriage and childbearing，and distal factors have created the sense of anxiety of marriage and fertility，driving individuals to proceed to childbearing in a faster pace． It remains too early to conclude that China has encountered fertility crisis．

 With industrialization，urbanization and modernization, the family institution has inevitably undergone changes. China has witnessed extraordinary social transformations over the past three decades. These forces have jointly brought about profound changes to the family organization. This paper traces the changing trend, patterns and characteristics in family structure, explores the causes of such change, and analyzes its consequences to family relationships andfamily functions in recent years in China. It has found that family size has shrunk，number of generations in the family is reduced，family forms
become more diversified, and family relationship remain intimate but distanced. Also, many traditional family functions have been taken over by public agencies，and family norms and culture have been reshaped. While changesoccur in various ways and important challenges remain，the Chinese family has been so far resilient to societal transformation due to its deeply rooted tradition and current structural constraints. These have made intergenerational reciprocity attractive and prevented the Chinese family from decline. In the future, the government and the family have to face challenges brought about by demographic transition, persistently large-scale migration, and changing norms towards the family.

Drawing on data from the 2005 National One Percent Population Survey and utilizing multilevel modeling technique，this paper examines the living conditions among internal migrants in China. By highlighting the types and the locations of hukou，its primary goal is to disentangle institutional and structural barriers from individual demographic and socioeconomic effects. Analytical results indicate that controlling other factors does not overshadow the effect of migration status on the living conditions of migrants，and a significant disadvantage of rural- urban migrants is detected. It is clear that national policies that urge local governments to embrace rural- urban migrants in the agenda of housing welfare have not achieved desired outcomes and perhaps even exacerbated their poor living conditions by posing various restrictions to the housing market. Migration as an individual and /or household strategy，while enhancing employment opportunities and income，does not necessarily bring about a better living condition for rural- urban migrants. However，results do support the link between social mobility and spatial mobility in that urban- urban migrants are able to translate their socioeconomic achievements into a better living condition. Also，consistent with the interpretation of standard assimilation models，duration of residence at destination has a strong influence on the response variable，pointing to the diversity of experiences and contexts of arrival for different types of population.

In the process of large － scale internal migration and rapid pace of urbanization in the past two decades，rural － to － urban young migrants，defined as those born after 1980 to parents with a rural hukou registration，have become one of the most vulnerable segments of the population who might be triply disadvantaged．Drawing on the 2005 National 1% Population Survey data，this paper explores the patterns，status，and associates of economic integration of young migrants with a rural hukou registration ( i．e．，rural － to － urban migrants) to the host society．Preliminary findings suggest that the level of economic integration of young migrants is rather low，particularly for those with a rural registration．Such phenomena challenge the notion that marketization necessarily promotes rights and legal equality in a linear fashion，and the potentially positive impact of migration on development might be compromised by institutional constraints ( e．g．，hukou) and local residents' discrimination towards outsiders，particularly the youths．It also suggests that the pace of socioeconomic integration is lagged behind socioeconomic development．

Drawing on the 2005 One Percent Population Survey data and utilizing multilevel modeling techniques,this paper attempts to identify and understand comprehensively factors at multiple levels associated with the unequal contest in access to public resources due to urban-rural registration(hukou) type and locations of registration.Analytical results illustrate that the levels and probability of access to unemployment insurance,old-age insurance and medical insurance among local urban residents,urban-to-urban migrants and rural-to-urban migrants differ significantly,and that all migrants,regardless of hukou type,have a lower likelihood of having social securities than local residents.Within-group difference is also salient – urban-to-urban migrants are more advantaged in access to social securities than rural-to-urban migrants,who are doubly disadvantaged due to rural hukou and being outsiders.Such findings suggest that both hukou types and inside-outside locations of hukou are important for migrants’ access to social securities,and hukou type is more important than hukou location.

This paper examines the relationship between family change, public welfare and absolute economic poverty among the elderly age 65+ in transitional China. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative data, and comparing different groups of the elderly population in poverty, it aims to shed light on a better understanding of the family and public welfare determinants of the elderly poverty, while taking into account the important role of socioeconomic factors in elderly life. Model results suggest that family structure and public welfare are important associates of absolute economic wellbeing: those elderly who live alone, widowed, without a son or without children are more likely to suffer from economic poverty, while those with retirement pension and public medicare suffer significantly less from poverty. Findings also demonstrate that socioeconomic status (including education and occupation) achieved in the early life stage is also strong predictor of their risk of suffering from economic poverty. Such findings have profound policy implications for the improvements of economic wellbeing of the elderly.

Large-scale labor migration in the past two decades in China has reshaped the household structure of migrants,generating numerous "stay children" and migrating children with or without parent(s).Stay children and some migrant children live in nontraditional households without parent(s)’s immediate,which would have profound implications for their education.Drawing on the 2000 Census data,this paper explores the patterns and characteristics of school attendance,and compares the educational opportunities of stay,migrant,and other children(living with parents) ages 11-14 in the countryside.Analytical results suggest that stay children are more likely to enroll in school than other types of children,but such effect varies by whom the children stay or migrate with:those staying with mothers are most advantaged,while those migrating alone or with parents mostly disadvantaged.It is thus urgent to promote the educational wellbeing of children in father-child families and of migrating children.